2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一答案

Section I Use of English (10 points)

1. A. among
2. B. affects
3. D. lead
4. C. for
5. A. still
6. D. and
7. B. as
8. C. that
9. A. amount
10. B. over
11. D. affecting
12. C. emerge
13. A. tends
14. B. tend
15. D. different
16. C. unique
17. B. on
18. A. therefore
19. D. due
20. C. in

Section II Reading Comprehension (60 points)

Part A

21. D. The interaction between biology and environment.
22. C. The definiteness of the laws of physics.
23. A. It is a science subject that has not been fully explored.
24. C. It is more complicated than the study of physics.
25. A. It is an area of science that is still under development.
26. B. They are not as strong as those in the past.
27. A. They are a group of committed and persistent people.
28. C. It is more difficult to acquire an online degree than a traditional one.
29. B. It is not as reliable as traditional education.
30. D. Employers' recognition of online degrees.
31. C. It is a necessary step for the development of the company.
32. A. It can help to keep a balance between different departments.
33. D. They are more concerned with profit than with employees' rights.
34. B. It may create disharmony among employees.
35. B. To explain why the CEO's role has changed.
36. C. It helps people understand the world.
37. A. It helps us to see things in their right perspective.
38. D. It helps us to understand our history.
39. B. It has a lasting influence on our thinking.
40. A. It helps us to see things in their right perspective.

Part B

41. E. [解析] 空格前提到“自我怀疑”，空格后是“恐惧”，E选项“这导致了一种恐惧”正好衔接，并且解释了这种恐惧的具体内容（失败、拒绝等）,逻辑连贯。
42. G. [解析] 空格前讲“最糟糕的是，这种恐惧是自我实现的”，空格后讲“它阻止你做需要做的事”，G选项“你越是害怕，它就越可能发生”是“自我实现恐惧”的经典解释,与前后文完美衔接。
43. A. [解析] 空格前讲“这种恐惧的根源在于...”，A选项“我们天生就倾向于避免风险”是对这种根源的完美回答,解释了恐惧的来源。
44. C. [解析] 空格前讲“好消息是，恐惧是一种可以被管理的反应”，C选项“你无法阻止恐惧的出现，但你可以阻止它支配你”直接回应了“好消息”，并提出了管理恐惧的方法,逻辑顺畅。
45. D. [解析] 空格前讲“不要等待恐惧消失”，D选项“而是采取行动，直到恐惧消失”给出了具体的行动指南，与前后文形成“不要...而是...”的递进关系,逻辑清晰。

Part C

46. [参考译文] “智力”一词被用来描述一些心理能力，这些能力包括：从经验中学习的能力、有效推理的能力、迅速做出判断的能力、从复杂事物中辨别模式的能力以及掌握基本概念的能力。
47. [参考译文] 由于智力被视为一种高度珍视的心理能力,因此教育心理学家们已经努力将其定义为可测量的概念。

Section III Writing (30 points)

Part A (10 points)

范文：

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to express my sincere apology for the delay in returning the book you lent me last month.

I must admit that it was entirely my fault. After borrowing the book, I was caught up with a series of demanding academic assignments and an important research project. Consequently, I lost track of the due date and failed to return it on time. I realize now that my negligence has caused you inconvenience, and I feel truly sorry for that.

I have already returned the book to the university library today. To compensate for my mistake, I would like to treat you to a cup of coffee at your convenience. Once again, please accept my deepest apologies for any trouble this may have caused.

Sincerely, Li Ming

Part B (20 points)

范文：

As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a group of people are sitting around a table with a large pot of hot steaming soup in the middle. However, instead of picking up the chopsticks to eat, they are all waiting for others to start first. The caption at the bottom of the picture reads: "Waiting for the soup to cool."

The cartoon aims to convey a profound message about the passive and hesitant attitude that many people adopt in modern society. The hot soup symbolizes opportunities or challenges that are timely and valuable, but also require immediate action. The people waiting represent those who are afraid to take the initiative, always hoping that others will make the first move or that the situation will become easier with time. This "wait-and-see" mentality often leads to missed opportunities and inaction. In a world that is changing at an unprecedented pace, hesitation can be as detrimental as making a wrong decision.

In my opinion, this phenomenon is rooted in a fear of failure and a desire for security. People are often afraid of the risks and uncertainties that come with taking action. However, it is important to recognize that opportunities are fleeting. Just as the soup will eventually cool down and lose its best flavor, opportunities will pass if we do not seize them promptly. Therefore, we should cultivate a spirit of proactivity and courage. We need to be willing to take calculated risks and make decisions promptly. Instead of passively waiting, we should be the ones to take the lead and create our own chances.

In conclusion, the cartoon serves as a timely reminder for all of us. We should not let hesitation hold us back. In order to succeed in both our studies and future careers, we must learn to act decisively and seize opportunities as they arise.

详细考点与解析

Section I: 完形填空

文章主题： 科学中的还原论。

这篇文章探讨了还原论作为一种科学方法论的优缺点，第一段介绍还原论在物理学等领域的巨大成功，第二段转折，指出当应用到像生物学这样更复杂的系统时,还原论的局限性就显现出来了。

考点分析：

1. 语境与逻辑关系： 大部分题目需要根据上下文的逻辑关系（转折、因果、并列等）来选择。
   • 第2题：affects vs. effects。affect是动词“影响”，effect通常是名词“效果”，这里需要一个动词,故选B。
   • 第3题：lead vs. result。lead to是固定搭配“导致”，result in也可以，但lead更常见且简洁。
   • 第8题：that引导同位语从句，解释fact,这是语法考点。
   • 第18题：therefore vs. consequently，两者都表结果，但therefore更正式，常用于书面语,符合文章风格。
2. 固定搭配：
   • 第1题：among表示“在...之中（三者或以上）”。
   • 第4题：known for“以...而闻名”。
   • 第9题：a large amount of“大量的”，修饰不可数名词work。
   • 第10题：take over“接管”。
   • 第17题：rely on“依赖”。
   • 第19题：due to“由于”。
   • 第20题：in part“部分地”。
3. 词义辨析：
   • 第11题：affecting（现在分词，表主动和进行）和affected（过去分词，表被动和完成），根据语境，work是understanding的主动作用者，故用affecting。
   • 第13、14题：tend to do“倾向于做某事”,是固定用法。
   • 第15、16题：different“不同的”，unique“独一无二的”，这里强调生物学系统有其独特性，故选unique。